Aymara language. Aymara (IPA: [aj.??ma.??a] ; also Aymar aru) is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara people of the Bolivian Andes. It is one of only a handful of Native American languages with over one million speakers. Aymara, along with Spanish and Quechua, is an official language in Bolivia and Peru. It is also spoken, to a much lesser extent, by some communities in northern Chile, where it is a recognized minority language. Some linguists have claimed that Aymara is related to its more widely spoken neighbor, Quechua. That claim, however, is disputed. Although there are indeed similarities, like the nearly identical phonologies, the majority position among linguists today is that the similarities are better explained as areal features arising from prolonged cohabitation, rather than natural genealogical changes that would stem from a common protolanguage. ...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:25:05
Tetum language. Tetum (Tetun [??t??et??un??]; Indonesian: Bahasa Tetun; Portuguese: T??tum [??t??t??]) is an Austronesian language spoken on the island of Timor. It is one of the official languages of Timor-Leste and it is also spoken in Belu Regency and Malaka Regency, which form the eastern part of Indonesian West Timor adjoining Timor-Leste. There are two main forms of Tetum as a language: Tetum Terik, which is a more indigenous form of Tetum marked by different word choice, less foreign influence and other characteristics such as verb conjugation Tetum/n Prasa ('market Tetum', from the Portuguese word pra??a meaning 'town square') or Tetum/n Dili (given its widespread usage in the capital Dili). This...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:47
Language
Tetum language. Tetum (Tetun [??t??et??un??]; Indonesian: Bahasa Tetum; Portuguese: T??tum [??t????t????]) is an Austronesian language spoken on the island of Timor. It is spoken in Belu Regency in Indonesian West Timor, and across the border in East Timor, where it is one of the two official languages. There are two main forms of Tetum as a language:
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:47
Saaroa language. Saaroa or Lha??alua is a Southern Tsouic language spoken by the Saaroa (Hla'alua) people, an indigenous people of Taiwan. It is a Formosan language of the Austronesian family. The Saaroa live in the two villages of Taoyuan and Kaochung in Taoyuan District (Taoyuan Township), Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (Zeitoun & Teng 2014). With fewer than 10 native speakers and an ethnic population of 400 people, Saaroa is considered critically endangered. Even among native speakers of the language, they use primarily Mandarin or Bunun in their daily lives. There is no longer an active speech community for Saaroa. Language evolution When grouped according to grammar, Saaroa is most closely related to the other Formosan language Tsou and branches very early from the Proto-Formosan language that defines the grouping. On lexical and phonographical grounds, Tsou, Kanakanabu, and Saaroa also cluster well to form the...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:15
Language
Saaroa language. Saaroa or Lha??alua is a Southern Tsouic language is spoken by the Saaroa (Hla'alua) people, an indigenous people of Taiwan. It is a Formosan language of the Austronesian family. The Saaroa live in the two villages of Taoyuan and Kaochung in Taoyuan District (Taoyuan Township), Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (Zeitoun & Teng 2014).
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:15
Language
Kanakanavu language. Kanakanavu (also spelled Kanakanabu) is a Southern Tsouic language spoken by the Kanakanavu people, an indigenous people of Taiwan (see Taiwanese aborigines). It is a Formosan language of the Austronesian family. The Kanakanavu live in the two villages of Manga and Takanua in Namasia District (formerly Sanmin Township), Kaohsiung. The language is moribund, with only 4 speakers (2012 census). History The native Kanakanavu speakers were Taiwanese aboriginals living on the islands. Following the Dutch Colonial Period in the 17th century, Han-Chinese immigration began to dominate the islands population. The village of Takanua is a village assembled by Japanese rulers to relocate various aboriginal groups in order to establish easier dominion over these groups. Phonology There are 14 different consonant phonemes, containing only voiceless plosives within Kanakanavu. Adequate...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:14
Language
Kanakanavu language. Kanakanavu (also spelled Kanakanabu) is a Southern Tsouic language spoken by the Kanakanavu people, an indigenous people of Taiwan (see Taiwanese aborigines). It is a Formosan language of the Austronesian family. The Kanakanavu live in the two villages of Manga and Takanua in Namasia District (formerly Sanmin Township), Kaohsiung. The language is moribund.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:14
Kavalan language. Kavalan (also known as Kvalan, Kebalan or Kbalan) was formerly spoken in the Northeast coast area of Taiwan by the Kavalan people (?????????). It is an East Formosan language of the Austronesian family. Kavalan is no longer spoken in its original area. As of 1930, it was used only as a home language. As of 1987, it was still spoken in Atayal territories. In 2000, this language was still reported to be spoken by 24 speakers but considered moribund. In 2017, a study using the EDGE metric from species conservation found that Kavalan, although critically endangered, was among the most lexically distinct of Austronesian languages. Dialects Kavalan consists of the following speech communities ordered from north to south: Kariawan (Jialiwan ?????????) ??? near Hualien, a formerly Sakizaya-speaking area Pat??ungan (Xinshe ??????) ??? located in Fungpin (?????????), Hualien Kulis (Lide ??????) Kralut (Zhangyuan ??????)...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:13
Language
Kavalan language. Kavalan (also known as Kvalan, Kebalan or Kbalan) was formerly spoken in the Northeast coast area of Taiwan by the Kavalan people (?????????). It is an East Formosan language of the Austronesian family. Kavalan is no longer spoken in its original area. As of 1930, it was used only as a home language. As of 1987, it was still spoken in Atayal territories. In 2000, this language was still reported to be spoken by 24 speakers but considered moribund.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:13
Language
Yami language. Yami language (Chinese: ?????????), also known as Tao language (Chinese: ?????????), is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Tao people of Orchid Island, 46 kilometers southeast of Taiwan. It is a member of the Ivatan dialect continuum. Yami is known as ciriciring no Tao 'human speech' by its native speakers. Native speakers prefer the 'Tao' name.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:12
Language
Yami language. The Yami language (Chinese: ?????????), also known as Tao (Chinese: ?????????), is a Malayo-Polynesian and Philippine language spoken by the Tao people of Orchid Island, 46 kilometers southeast of Taiwan. It is a member of the Ivatan dialect continuum. Yami is known as ciriciring no Tao 'human speech' by its native speakers. Native speakers prefer the 'Tao' name. Classification Yami is the only native language of Taiwanese indigenous peoples that is not a member of the Formosan grouping of Austronesian; it is one of the Batanic languages also found in Batanes province of northern Philippines, and as such is part of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian. Phonology Yami has 20 consonants and 4 vowels: Vowels ...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:12
Language
Sakizaya language. Sakizaya is a Formosan language closely related to Amis. One of the large family of Austronesian languages, it is spoken by the Sakizaya people, who are concentrated on the eastern Pacific coast of Taiwan. Since 2007 they have been recognized by the Taiwan government as one of the sixteen distinct indigenous groups on the island.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:11
Sakizaya language. Sakizaya is a Formosan language closely related to Amis. One of the large family of Austronesian languages, it is spoken by the Sakizaya people, who are concentrated on the eastern Pacific coast of Taiwan. Since 2007 they have been recognized by the Taiwan government as one of the sixteen distinct indigenous groups on the island. History After the Takobowan incident of 1878, the Sakizaya people hid among the Nataoran Amis. Scholars thus mistakenly categorised the Sakizaya language as a dialect of Amis. In 2002, the Center of Aboriginal Studies of National Chengchi University in Taiwan corrected this error when they edited the indigenous language textbooks. That year, the Sakizaya language was designated both as a Chilai and Amis sublanguage. Both are included in the family of Austronesian languages. On 17 January 2007, the Sakizaya community became the thirteenth distinct indigenous ethnic group recognised...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:11
Language
Seediq language. Seediq, also known as Sediq, Taroko, is an Atayalic language spoken in the mountains of Northern Taiwan by the Seediq and Taroko people.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:10
Language
Rukai language. Rukai is a Formosan language spoken by the Rukai people in Taiwan. It is a member of the Austronesian language family. The Rukai language comprises six dialects, which are Budai, Labuan, Maga, Mantauran, Tanan and Tona. The number of speakers of the six Rukai dialects is estimated to be about 10,000. Some of them are monolingual. There are varying degrees of mutual intelligibility among the Rukai dialects. Rukai is notable for its distinct grammatical voice system among the Formosan languages.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:09
Rukai language. Rukai is a Formosan language spoken by the Rukai people in Taiwan. It is a member of the Austronesian language family. The Rukai language comprises six dialects, which are Budai, Labuan, Maga, Mantauran, Tanan and Tona. The number of speakers of the six Rukai dialects is estimated to be about 10,000. Some of them are monolingual. There are varying degrees of mutual intelligibility among the Rukai dialects. Rukai is notable for its distinct grammatical voice system among the Formosan languages. Classification Paul Jen-kuei Li considers Rukai to be the first language to have split from the Proto-Austronesian language. Below are the estimated divergence dates of various Formosan languages from Li (2008:215). Proto-Austronesian: 4,500 BCE Rukai: 3,000 BCE Tsouic: 2,500 BCE (split into Tsou and Southern Tsouic around 1,000 BCE) Most other splits: 2,000 to 0 BCE Western Plains: 1,000 CE...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:09
Language
Seediq language. Seediq, also known as Sediq, Taroko, is an Atayalic language spoken in the mountains of Northern Taiwan by the Seediq and Taroko people. Subdivisions Seediq consists of three main dialects (Tsukida 2005). Members of each dialect group refer to themselves by the name of their dialect, while the Amis people call them "Taroko." Truku (Truku) ??? 20,000 members including non-speakers. The Truku dialect, transcribed ????????? D??l??g?? in Chinese. Toda (Tuuda) ??? 2,500 members including non-speakers. Tgdaya (Tkdaya, Paran) ??? 2,500 members including non-speakers. Phonology In Seediq there are 19 consonant phonemes and 4 vowel phonemes. Among these, there are two velar fricatives, one voiceless and the other voiced, and a uvular stop. In both...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:09
Language
Bunun language. The Bunun language (Chinese: ?????????) is spoken by the Bunun people of Taiwan. It is one of the Formosan languages, a geographic group of Austronesian languages, and is subdivided in five dialects: Isbukun, Takbunuaz, Takivatan, Takibaka and Takituduh. Isbukun, the dominant dialect, is mainly spoken in the south of Taiwan. Takbunuaz and Takivatan are mainly spoken in the center of the country. Takibaka and Takituduh both are northern dialects. A sixth dialect, Takipulan, became extinct in the 1970s.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:08
Bunun language. The Bunun language (Chinese: ?????????) is spoken by the Bunun people of Taiwan. It is one of the Formosan languages, a geographic group of Austronesian languages, and is subdivided in five dialects: Isbukun, Takbunuaz, Takivatan, Takibaka and Takituduh. Isbukun, the dominant dialect, is mainly spoken in the south of Taiwan. Takbunuaz and Takivatan are mainly spoken in the center of the country. Takibaka and Takituduh both are northern dialects. A sixth dialect, Takipulan, became extinct in the 1970s. The Saaroa and Kanakanavu, two smaller minority groups who share their territory with an Isbukun Bunun group, have also adopted Bunun as their vernacular. Name The name Bunun literally means "human" or "man". Dialects Bunun is currently subdivided into five dialects: Isbukun, Takbunuaz, Takivatan, Takibaka and Takituduh. Li (1988) splits these dialects into three...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:08
Tsou language. Tsou (Cou) is an Austronesian language spoken by the Tsou people of Taiwan. Tsou is a threatened language; however, this status is uncertain. Its speakers are located in the west-central mountains southeast of the Chiayi/Alishan area in Taiwan. Name The name Tsou literally means "person", from Proto-Austronesian *Cau through regular sound changes. It is therefore cognate with the name of the Thao. Classification Tsou has traditionally been considered part of a Tsouic branch of Austronesian. However, several recent classifications, such as Chang (2006) and Ross (2009) dispute the Tsouic branch, with Tsou more divergent than the other two languages, Kanakanabu and Saaroa. Dialects Tsou does not have much dialectal variation. There are four recorded...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:07
Language
Tsou language. Tsou (Cou) is a divergent Austronesian language spoken by the Tsou people of Taiwan. Tsou is a threatened language; however, this status is uncertain. Its speakers are located in the west-central mountains southeast of the Chiayi/Alishan area in Taiwan.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:07
Atayal language. The Atayal language is an Austronesian language spoken by the Atayal people of Taiwan. Squliq and C???uli??? (Ts???ole???) are two major dialects. Mayrinax and Pa???kuali???, two subdialects of C???uli???, are unique among Atayal dialects in having male and female register distinctions in their vocabulary. History Several works on the language, including several reference grammars, have been published. In 1980 an Atayal???English dictionary was published by S??ren Egerod. A translation of the Bible into Atayal was completed in 2003. Atayal was one of the source languages of Yilan Creole Japanese. Under KMT rule, Taiwan saw the imposition of Mandarin Chinese as the sole national language, resulting in the suppression of indigenous languages, including Atayal. The education system mandated Mandarin instruction, leading to a decline in the intergenerational transmission of Atayal. Despite these challenges, Atayal communities maintained their language...
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:06
Language
Atayal language. The Atayal language is spoken by the Atayal people of Taiwan. Squliq and C???uli??? (Ts???ole???) are two major dialects. Mayrinax and Pa???kuali???, two subdialects of C???uli???, are unique among Atayal dialects in having male and female register distinctions in their vocabulary.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:06
Language
Puyuma language. The Puyuma language or Pinuyumayan (Chinese: ?????????; pinyin: B??in??ny??), is the language of the Puyuma, an indigenous people of Taiwan. It is a divergent Formosan language of the Austronesian family. Most speakers are older adults. Puyuma is one of the more divergent of the Austronesian languages and falls outside reconstructions of Proto-Austronesian.
wikidata.org 0 views · 2024-12-26 21:23:05
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