Russia
Chechen. Chechen is a Northeast Caucasian language, spoken primarily by the Chechen people, native to the Russian republic of Chechnya, as well as its neighbouring republics. With approximately 1.8 million speakers, it is also spoken by members of the Chechen diaspora throughout Russia and the rest of the world.
modern_languagenatural_languageGeorgiaJordanKazakhstanRussiaTurkeyEuropean Union
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Chuvash. Chuvash is a Turkic language spoken in Volga-Ural region of Russia, primarily in the Chuvash Republic and adjacent areas. It is the only surviving member of the Oghur branch of Turkic languages, one of the two principal branches of the Turkic family.
modern_languagenatural_languageKazakhstanRussiaUkraineUzbekistan
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Lezgian. Lezgian, also called Lezgi or Lezgin, is a Northeast Caucasian language. It is spoken by the Lezgins, who live primarily in southern Dagestan???where it is an official language???and northern Azerbaijan. It is classified as "vulnerable" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.
modern_languagenatural_languageAzerbaijanRussia
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Tabasaran. Tabasaran is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Lezgic branch. It is spoken by the Tabasaran people in the southern part of the Russian Republic of Dagestan. There are two main dialects: North (Khanag) and South Tabasaran. It has a literary language based on the Southern dialect, one of the official languages of Dagestan.
language2modern_languageRussia
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Southern Altai. Southern Altai is a Turkic language spoken in the Altai Republic, a federal subject of Russia located in Southern Siberia on the border with Mongolia and China. The language has some mutual intelligibility with the Northern Altai language, leading to the two being traditionally considered as a single language. According to modern classifications???at least since the middle of the 20th century???they are considered to be two separate languages.
modern_languagenatural_languageRussia
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Tatar. Tatar is a Turkic language spoken by the Tatars mainly located in modern Republic of Tatarstan, wider Volga-Ural region, as well as many other regions of Russia. Tatar belongs to the Kipchak branch of Turkic languages, the same branch as Bashkir, Kazakh, Nogai and Kyrgyz.
modern_languagenatural_languageAustraliaChinaFinlandPolandRomaniaRussiaTurkeyUnited States
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Language
Abaza. Abaza is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by Abazins in Russia. The language has gone through several different orthographies based primarily on Latin and Cyrillic letters. Its consonant-to-vowel ratio is remarkably high; making it quite similar to many other languages from the same parent chain. The language evolved in popularity in the mid to late 1800s, but has become an endangered language.
modern_languagenatural_languageRussiaTurkey
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Adyghe. Adyghe, also known as West Circassian, is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians. Native to Circassia in the Caucasus, it is one of the two official languages of Adygea, the other being Russian. It is spoken in Russia, but mainly in Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Iraq and Israel, where Circassians settled after the Circassian genocide by the Russian Empire. Adyghe literary language is mainly based on the Chemguy dialect, which was chosen for its grammatical and phonological simplicity, though there was significant input from Shapsug and Bzhedug dialects.
modern_languagenatural_languageJordanRussiaSyriaTurkey
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Dargwa. Dargwa is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Dargin people in the Russian republic Dagestan. This article discusses the literary dialect of the dialect continuum constituting the Dargin languages. It is based on the Aqusha and Urakhi dialects of Northern Dargin.
modern_languagenatural_languagestandard_languageRussia
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Avar. Avar, also known as Avaric, is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Avar???Andic subgroup that is spoken by Avars, primarily in Dagestan. In 2010, there were approximately one million speakers in Dagestan and elsewhere in Russia.
modern_languagenatural_languageAzerbaijanGeorgiaRussia
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Erzya. The Erzya language, also Erzian or historically Arisa, is spoken by approximately 300,000 people in the northern, eastern and north-western parts of the Republic of Mordovia and adjacent regions of Nizhny Novgorod, Chuvashia, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan in Russia. A diaspora can also be found in Armenia and Estonia, as well as in Kazakhstan and other states of Central Asia. Erzya is currently written using Cyrillic with no modifications to the variant used by the Russian language. In Mordovia, Erzya is co-official with Moksha and Russian.
modern_languagenatural_languageRussia
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Moksha. Moksha is a Mordvinic language of the Uralic family, spoken by Mokshas, with around 130,000 native speakers in 2010. Moksha is the majority language in the western part of Mordovia. Its closest relative is the Erzya language, with which it is not mutually intelligible. Moksha is also possibly closely related to the extinct Meshcherian and Muromian languages.
modern_languagenatural_languageRussia
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Bashkir. Bashkir or Bashkort is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch. It is co-official with Russian in Bashkortostan. It is spoken by approximately 1.6 million native speakers in Russia, as well as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Estonia, and other neighboring post-Soviet states, and among the Bashkir diaspora. It has three dialect groups: Southern, Eastern, and Northwestern.
language2modern_languagenatural_languageEstoniaKazakhstanRussiaUkraine
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Buryat. Buryat or Buriat, known in foreign sources as the Bargu-Buryat dialect of Mongolian, and in pre-1956 Soviet sources as Buryat-Mongolian, is a variety of the Mongolic languages spoken by the Buryats and Bargas that is classified either as a language or major dialect group of Mongolian.
macrolanguagemodern_languagenatural_languageChinaMongoliaRussia
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Khakas. Khakas, also known as Xakas, is a Turkic language spoken by the Khakas, who mainly live in the southwestern Siberian Republic of Khakassia, in Russia. The Khakas number 61,000, of whom 29,000 speak the Khakas language. Most Khakas speakers are bilingual in Russian.
modern_languagenatural_languageRussia
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Tuvan. Tuvan, also spelt Tyvan, is a Turkic language spoken in the Republic of Tuva in South Central Siberia, Russia. There are small groups of Tuvans that speak distinct dialects of Tuvan in China and Mongolia.
modern_languagenatural_languageChinaMongoliaRussia
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Greek. Greek is an Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic branch within the Indo-European language family. It is native to the territories that have had populations of Greeks since antiquity: Greece, Cyprus, Egypt, Turkey, Italy, southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, Caucasus, the Black Sea coast, and the Eastern Mediterranean. It has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,400 years of written records. Its writing system is the Greek alphabet, which has been used for approximately 2,800 years; previously, Greek was recorded in writing systems such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary.
modern_languagenatural_languageAlbaniaArmeniaAustraliaAzerbaijanCanadaCyprusEgyptGeorgiaGermanyGreeceIsraelItalyKazakhstanRomaniaRussiaSwedenTurkeyUkraineUnited KingdomUnited States
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Finnish. Finnish is a Finnic language of the Uralic language family, spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside of Finland. Finnish is one of the two official languages of Finland, alongside Swedish. In Sweden, both Finnish and Me??nkieli are official minority languages. Kven, which like Me??nkieli is mutually intelligible with Finnish, is spoken in the Norwegian counties of Troms and Finnmark by a minority of Finnish descent. However, these are recognized as independent languages in their relative countries for sociohistorical reasons.
modern_languagenatural_languageEstoniaFinlandNorwayRussiaSweden
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Nogai. Nogai also known as No??ay, Noghay, Nogay, or Nogai Tatar, is a Turkic language spoken in Southeastern European Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. It is the ancestral language of the Nogais. As a member of the Kipchak branch, it is closely related to Kazakh, Karakalpak and Crimean Tatar. In 2014, the first Nogai novel was published, written in the Latin alphabet.
modern_languagenatural_languageRussia
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Bulgarian. Bulgarian is an Eastern South Slavic language spoken in Southeast Europe, primarily in Bulgaria. It is the language of the Bulgarians.
language2modern_languageAlbaniaBulgariaGreeceMoldovaNorth MacedoniaRomaniaRussiaSerbiaTurkeyUkraine
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Belarusian. Belarusian is an East Slavic language. It is one of the two official languages in Belarus, the other being Russian. It is also spoken in parts of Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Ukraine, and the United States by the Belarusian diaspora.
language2modern_languageBelarusCanadaLatviaLithuaniaPolandRussiaUkraineUnited States
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German. German is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the majority and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. It is also an official language of Luxembourg, Belgium and the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol, as well as a recognised national language in Namibia. There are also notable German-speaking communities in other parts of Europe, including: Poland, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Slovakia (Krahule), Romania, Hungary (Sopron), and France (Alsace). Overseas, sizeable communities of German-speakers are found in the Americas.
modern_languageAustriaBelgiumCzech Rep.DenmarkFranceGermanyItalyLiechtensteinLuxembourgPolandRussiaSwitzerland
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Yakut. The Yakut language, also known as the Sakha language or Yakutian, is a Siberian Turkic language spoken by around 450,000 native speakers???primarily by ethnic Yakuts. It is one of the official languages of the Sakha Republic, a republic in the Russian Federation.
modern_languageRussia
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Russian. Russian is an East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is the native language of the Russian people. Russian was the de facto and de jure official language of the former Soviet Union. It has remained an official language of the Russian Federation, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, and is still commonly used as a lingua franca in Ukraine, Moldova, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and to a lesser extent in the Baltic states and Israel.
language2AzerbaijanBelarusCanadaEstoniaGeorgiaGermanyIsraelKazakhstanKyrgyzstanLatviaLithuaniaMoldovaMongoliaRussiaTajikistanUkraineUnited StatesUzbekistan
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